(2) 裴 Li Gang type jade
The type of Ligang is represented by the site of Ligang, and the same remains are located in Shawoli, Malianggou, Tieshenggou and Shuiquan, which are concentrated in the central part of Henan. At present, there are about 15 types of jade articles of the Ligang type found in the three locations of Xinzheng Shawo Li, Yi Ligang and Jixian Shuiquan, mostly turquoise body wearers.
The Shawo Li site is located on the Gaotai site, about 35 kilometers north of Xinzheng City, with a total area of ​​nearly 10,000m [2]. From 1981 to 1982, he was organized and excavated by the Henan First Team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He found 20 ash pits and 32 tombs. In the two lower tombs (numbered M6 and M13, respectively) of the Jiahu II period, three pieces of turquoise small sheet-like perforated parts were found, and the volume was about 1cm [2]. Due to the serious decay, the bones of the two tombs only have teeth, and the three pieces of jade unearthed are found near the teeth [10], which is supposed to be the ear wear.
The Ligang site is located in the west of the village of Ligang, about 8 kilometers northwest of Xinzheng City, with an area of ​​about 20,000 square meters. From 1977 to 1979, the Henan First Team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences successively conducted three excavations. Clean up 114 tombs, 1 pottery kiln, more than 10 ash pits and several broken cave houses. The eastern half of the site is a village site with few relics. The western half is a clan cemetery, and the cemetery is densely buried. The head of the deceased heads south to the west, and the vast majority are single-personed and buried. The tombs are rectangular tombs and pits without funeral tombs. Five pieces of jade were found in the upper tombs of the three eras equivalent to Jiahu Phase III, all of which were turquoise body wearers [11]. Among them, M5 unearthed turquoise beads 2, located under the human neck. M59 and M67 respectively found 2 pieces of turquoise beads and 1 piece of perforated curved back turquoise.
Shuiquan Site, located in the southeast of Shuiquanzhai Village, Anliang Town, 15km northeast of Jixian County, covers an area of ​​about 25,000m [2]. From 1986 to 1989, the Henan Provincial Team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences organized excavations and excavations, cleaning up 83 acupoints in three phases, 2 pottery kiln, and 120 tombs. A total of 7 pieces of jade were found [12- 13]. Among them, the first stage of the H6 found a flat round turquoise bead, the second stage of the M30 found a flat triangle with a perforated turquoise pendant, M102 found a hexahedral crystal stone. In the third phase of the H16, four flat round turquoise beads of similar size were found, with an outer diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 cm. According to the research, the first and second phases of Shuiquan are equivalent to the Jiahu Phase III, and the third phase of the remnant is at the end of the entire Ligang culture.
Based on a comprehensive analysis, the jade wares of the Ligang type that are currently discovered are generally later than the Jiahu type.
Second, the Dadiwan culture jade in the upper reaches of the Yellow River
The Dadiwan Culture is represented by the cultural relics of the first phase of the Dadiwan Site in Qin'an, Gansu. Such relics have been discovered since the 1950s, such as Lijia Village in Xixiang, Hejiawan, Baoding North Shouling, Huaxian Laoguantai and other sites, and once had “Old Guantai Culture†[14-15 ] "Lijiacun Culture" [16] "White House Culture" [17-18] and other naming opinions. From 1978 to 1982, the Gansu Provincial Museum and other units excavated the Dadiwan site in Qin'an County five times. The first phase of the site was the Dadiwan culture. The total number of houses was 4, 16 tombs and 2 ash pits. The site has a large excavation scale and rich reserves, which is convenient for research and comparison. In the book "Chinese Archaeology and Neolithic Age Volume" published in recent years, the name "Dadiwan Culture" was selected [19]. This article complies with this opinion. The former Yangshao era jade found in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (the east and the middle of the Guanzhong area) belongs to the Dadiwan culture.
The Dadiwan culture is mainly distributed in the Gandong area of ​​Gansu and the Guanzhong area of ​​Shaanxi Province, dating from 8000 to 7000 years ago. At present, there are no more than 40 cultural sites discovered, which can be roughly divided into two types: Dadiwan and Lijiacun. The types of Dadiwan mainly include Dadiwan Phase I, Baijia, Xishanping Phase I, and North Liuxia. Typical types of Lijia Village include Lijiacun, Hejiawan, Qijiaba and Longgangsi. Among them, there are 5 jade articles found in the Guandiyuan [20-21] of the Dadiwan type and the Longgangsi [22] in the Nanjia County of the Lijia Village type, and the Rujiaba [23] site in Hanyin County.
(1) Dadiwan type jade
The Dadiwan type is represented by the first phase of the Dadiwan culture, mainly distributed in the Weihe River basin, and is also distributed in the upper reaches of the Danjiang River. It is currently found that the location of the jade is only about one Taoyuan.
The Guantaoyuan Site is located around the Guantaoyuan Natural Village in Tuoshi Village, Tuoshi Township, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, with a total area of ​​about 200,000 m [2]. It is an important site that covers the cultural relics of Qianshang and Yangshao. In 2002, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and other organizations organized excavations to clean up the Dadi Bay culture, half of the cave-type housing base, 147 ash pits and 8 tombs. According to the unearthed relics and stratigraphic relations, the excavators divided the age of Guantaoyuan into three phases. Among them, the first phase is about 7800-7600 years ago, the second phase is about 7600-7300 years ago, and the third phase is about 7300 days ago. ~ 6900 years. In the third section of the H183 excavation section, the jade ring (H183:12) with a jujube-shaped cross section is one piece. The process is exquisite, the surface is smooth, crystal clear and moist, with a diameter of 2.6 cm and a height of 1.5 cm. This is the earliest true jade product discovered by the Dadiwan culture. It is also the first ring jade found in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River and has great academic significance.
(2) Lijiacun type jade
The types of Lijia Village are concentrated in the Hanshui River Basin. The main sites are Lijia Village, Hejiawan, Qijiaba, Majiaying, Baima Stone and Longgang Temple. Among them, 4 pieces of jade were found in two places in Longgang Temple and Qijiaba.
The Longgangsi site is located in Liangshan Town, Nanzheng County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, with a total area of ​​approximately 24,000 m [2]. It is a Neolithic site that covers the type of Dadiwan culture, Lijia Village, Yangshao culture, semi-slope type, sporadic Yangshao culture, and the Longshan cultural relics. From 1983 to 1984, it was organized and excavated by the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology. Seven earthen cultural tombs were found in the site, and three of them were found in two of them. M423 is a rectangular pit pit adult female with a straight leg and a second funeral. Two pieces of turquoise ornaments are found on both sides of the upper limb bone. Another piece of jade is from M411, and the tomb is unclear. It is a white jade-shaped skull-shaped ornament.
The Rujiaba ruins are located in the traffic village of Tunxi Township, Shaanxi Province, with the remaining veins of Fenghuang Mountain in the north and Hanshui in the south, with an area of ​​about 4 to 50,000 m [2]. It is an important site that covers the type of Dadiwan culture Lijia Village, Yangshao culture Banpo type, Miaodigou type and Xia-Shang period. From 1987 to 1988, it was organized and excavated by the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology. Among them, the Dadiwan type of the Dadiwan culture found 19 ash pits and 3 funeral burials. Only one piece of jade is found in the ash pit numbered H57. The middle of the device is thicker, the edge is very thin, the surface of the instrument is polished on both sides, and the periphery has jagged lace. In addition, only one stone net pendant is found in the ash pit.
Generally speaking, the earliest jade in Guanzhong area appeared in the late stage of Dadiwan culture. It was about 7300-6900 years ago, and its occurrence time was later than that of the Yu Ligang culture jade in the middle of Henan. The number of jade artifacts unearthed was far less than that of the Ligang culture. . From the perspective of the material used in jade articles, five pieces of Dadiwan culture jade articles are currently found, three of which are flash jade products, the other two are turquoise perforated pendants common to the Ligang culture, while the Ligang culture jade is mainly turquoise and talc. Products.
At present, the existing data show that the amphibole jade was first popular in the Xinglongyu culture in the western Liaoning area. Its age is about 8000 years ago. The shape is mainly composed of enamel, enamel, enamel, tube and bead jade and small pieces. Tool-shaped jade, etc. [24]. The age of the Dadiwan culture jade is close to that of the Xinglongyu culture jade. The main categories are Yuhuan and Yuzhu, from which the obvious regional cultural differences can be seen. It is worth noting that the Dadiwan culture jade ring unearthed from the Guantaoyuan site is the earliest true jade ring in China and should have important genetic significance.
Third, a few points of understanding
(1) The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River is also one of the important birthplaces of Chinese jade
In the past cognitive system, the academic world once discovered the Xiaonanshan site in Raohe, the first phase of Xiaozhushan culture, the culture of Xinglongyu, the culture of Houli and the culture of Hemudu according to the jade articles of China 7000 years ago. It originated in the eastern Bohai Sea.
Through the research in this paper, we can see that the Jiahu type jade of the Ligang culture can reach as early as 9000 years ago, and it is similar to the Pengtoushan culture jade in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in recent years. It is the earliest jade found in China. Therefore, the earliest birthplace of Chinese jade articles is not limited to the eastern Bohai Sea region. The inland areas of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and even the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are also important birthplaces of Chinese jade [25].
(2) Turquoise is of special significance to Chinese jade culture tradition
So far, the total number of jade wares found in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been 102, including 77 turquoise, 20 fluorite, 3 jade, 1 crystal, and 1 talc. Regarding the origin of turquoise, experts from the University of Science and Technology of China have scientifically tested that the turquoise of the Jiahu site may come from Luanchuan County in Henan Province [26]. That is to say, the early turquoise products in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River should be made of local materials. In other words, the richer turquoise deposits in China are the deep material roots of the long-standing Chinese jade culture tradition.
(3) The use of religious etiquette activities is the basic function of early jade
The materials show that the early jade articles in this area were mainly unearthed in a number of high-level tombs with relatively rich burial objects and individual ash pits with ritual properties. Take the discovery of the Jiahu site as an example: the site has cleaned up 445 tombs, of which only 16 were found. The tombs of these unearthed jade wares are accompanied by a number of other funerary objects, including high-end items such as tortoise shells and bone flutes that are clearly ritual instruments. It is worth noting that M477 puts two sets of six circular perforated turquoise beads on top of the eyes and the idea of ​​using the hemispherical jade beads to express the eyes of the goddess found in the "Altar, Temple, and Sui" sites of the Hongshan culture of Niuheliang in western Liaoning. It is quite similar. The signs show that jade was the product of social differentiation at the beginning, its initial social function was used for religious etiquette life, and it played the role of strengthening social order construction.
Note:
1 The ruins were originally considered to be ash pits, numbered H163, and were later considered to be small-sized houses. Therefore, the number is F12, which combines various information. The nature of this ruins is actually a sacrifice pit.
2 A total of 5 tombs were discovered in this excavation, of which M16 is a jade burial (the author's note).
3H183 is an elliptical bag-shaped pit. The utensils that come out with the jade ring also include three-legged cans, flat-bottomed cans, concave bottom cans, enamels, etc., and their properties are not garbage pits, but also different from ordinary kiln caves.
4 Among them, 97 pieces of Ligang culture jade, including 75 pieces of turquoise, 20 pieces of fluorite, 1 piece of talc, 1 piece of crystal block; Dadiwan culture found 5 pieces of jade, including 2 pieces of turquoise, 3 pieces of flash jade products.
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