Thousand years of ancient jade

The Chinese nation loves Yujing and Jade Chongyu has a long history. From ancient ancestors to modern times, people have a special liking for jade. China has preserved a number of representative artifacts of the characteristics of the times and the value of historical research in various periods, such as the Xia Dynasty ancient pottery, the Shang and Zhou bronzes, the war lacquer ware, the Sui and Tang dynasty gold and silverware, the Song and Ming dynasty porcelain... these artifacts are in the history. In the lead, there is no such thing as a jade that lasts for a long time, and has long been favored by the people. This is unmatched by any other country or region in the world.

Yu Yu’s history is long

Saitama refers to the carving of jade. There is a famous saying in China, called "the stone of other mountains, you can attack jade", which shows the true meaning of Daiyu. In fact, the jade artifacts that are ingeniously crafted are not carved out. Instead, they use the “solution jade sand” such as diamond, quartz, and garnet with hardness higher than jade, supplemented with water to grind the jade, and make the finished product. Therefore, in jargon, jade is not called jade, but jade, or jade, jade, and jade. The skills of Saitama are superb, while the jade tools are simple. In the Neolithic and Bronze Ages before the invention of Iron, most of the tools were even made of wood, bone, and sandstone. Such a primitive tool can honour such a wonderful jade, which is really a miracle on earth.

The history of China's jade jade has a long history and it has been waning for 8,000 years. It can be said that it is a miracle in the history of world culture. The factor supporting this miracle phenomenon is that the ancient ancestors endowed a lot of beautiful things to jade. They believed that jade is the auspicious thing that can exorcise evil spirits and protect the peace of mind. It is this invisible, psychological, awe of nature. Worship, as well as the ancient saying that "the gentleman has no reason to go to the body", the popularity of the saying "the price of gold is priceless" is even more so that the jade is covered in mysterious colors. The ancients compared the jade to the gentleman's character of "benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, and cleanness" and endowed the worldly feelings of "beautiful, noble, auspicious, gentle, and comfortable." In fact, the ancients were not very picky about the material of jade. Shiweiyu is full of simple ideas.

One of the four famous Chinese classics, "Dream of Red Mansions", describes Jia Baoyu as a "Tongling Baoyu". Although this matter is too mysterious, it at least shows how the ancients loved jade.

Auspicious culture promotes the development of jade culture

Since ancient times, there has been a collection of jade articles in China. In the tombs of the Shang Dynasty, there are red mountains culture and jade artifacts from the Shijiahe culture period. The kings such as Qin Shihuang, Song Gaozong and Qing Emperor Qianlong were the great collectors of jade articles. Lu Dalin's "Archaeological Map", Zhu Derun's "Ancient Jade Picture" in the Yuan Dynasty, Cao Zhao's "Ge Gu Essentials" in the Ming Dynasty, and Wu Dacheng's "Ancient Jade Picture Examination" in the Qing Dynasty are all the collections and researches of ancient jade. Since the Neolithic Age in the prehistoric period, China’s jade carvings have experienced more than 7,000 years of development, becoming a world-famous craftsmanship in the world and a world famous for making jade (China, Mexico, New Zealand) has the longest history.

The jade in Chinese culture has a wide connotation, not just its mineralogical significance. In the Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said in the middle: jade, stone beauty and five virtues. The so-called five virtues, that is, the five characteristics of jade, all with a tough texture, crystal luster, brilliant colors, dense and transparent organization, Shu Yang Zhiyuan's beautiful stone, are considered jade. According to this standard, the jade in the minds of the ancients includes not only nephrite, but also serpentine, turquoise, malachite, agate, crystal, amber, red emerald and other colored stone jade.

Tracing the history of the development of Chinese jade culture, the elements of auspicious culture are throughout. It is the auspicious culture that is the fulcrum of the development of jade culture, and the jade culture can last for thousands of years.

He is Xiangrui, "Said the text": "Xiang, Fu also". Also Yun Shan also. The original meaning of Ruiqi is the letter of the jade system, used as a voucher. Ruiyu refers to the collective name of the jade articles that the princes when they saw the emperor. "Said the text": "Rui, with jade as a letter." Duan Yucai notes: "Rui is the general name of the standard. The extension is auspicious, also known as the call for the knot."

In ancient times, human ancestors lived, hunt, and farmed on the vast land, engaging in the most basic and simple living activities. Nature nourishes everything and breeds life.

Bringing irresistible disasters to mankind, there are many phenomena that human beings cannot control

And the explanation, therefore, has produced awe, helplessness and reverence for all things in nature, and gradually appeared to worship nature, hoping to obtain natural protection from the reverence and trust of man. Because Xiangrui and the disaster are a pair of twin sisters, they are always accompanied by the development of human history. From ancient times to the present, it is the common psychology of people to avoid the evils of the plague and the pursuit of good fortune. From the Son of Heaven to the people of the Yi people, it is impossible to get outside. Once this psychological set is formed, people’s imagination will be inserted into the wings. The kingdom of thinking is arrogant, resulting in many mysterious and strange images that symbolize auspiciousness or plague.

The ancient jade carvings have a variety of motifs, but they are all about the auspicious culture. "The picture must be intentional, meaning will be auspicious", common jade carving works, such as "Happy Three Yuan", "Gua Dian Mian Mian", "Multiple Harvests", "Happy Heaven", "Tai Shi Shao Shi" and other pleasing secular jade carvings With a variety of shapes and exquisite design, they can be used as a pendant for the body, as well as for the play of the desk, and the elegance and common taste.

Pattern homophonic decryption of ancient jade culture

Tang Taizong said: "While jade is beautiful, it lies in the stone, it is not worthy of good work, and it is not different from the rubble." It means that although the jade in the stone has the beauty of beauty, there is no fine carving and breaking. Like stone. Watch the jade that you play in your hands. Therefore, the ancient language: "Jade is not awkward, not a device; people do not learn, do not become a material" 琢 璞 jade, beautiful jade out. Pondering the gentleman, the sages go out.

For a piece of ancient jade, if you use a modern eye to try to figure it out, it is easy to make some common sense mistakes. Many things that seem to be incongruous, carved on the same jade card, you may think that there is no mess. In fact, it is not difficult to decipher these passwords. It is necessary to chase the ancients' thinking and find his laws. Many things are invariable. The sects mentioned here are the homophonic and combination of patterns, mastering this key, opening The lock of ancient Chinese jade culture will be of great benefit.

For example, in the Qing Dynasty, there was a more common round jade card. The open-cut five bats formed a round shape with a “shou” character in the middle. We called it “five blessings,” because “bats” and “fu” were homophonic. This jade is also highly sought after in the moment.

Some cultures abroad reject bats and use bats as the incarnation of the devil. This is the difference between Chinese culture and foreign culture. Sometimes you will find a jade card with a good texture. There is no engraving on the board. You may think that there is a lack of beauty. But the expert will laugh at you ignorantly. In fact, this kind of jade brand has a very nice name called "Peaceful and Nothing (Word)", which allows you to appreciate the texture of the jade, in line with the philosophy of "the great master does not sculpt".

I remember buying a round jade card many years ago, carving a bottle in the hollow, three holes in the bottle, and a lotus flower engraved on the bottle. At that time, I was confused and puzzling. I asked some friends in the industry to discuss and have no income. Later, someone introduced me to a knowledgeable old man. The old man looked at me after this jade and said: The theme is "attack (戟) peace. "For the use of ancient soldiers, I seem to understand and understand. Later, I went to a classmate's house to play, and found a similar pattern on his back chair. His father told me: This is "Lian (Lian) rises to the third level (戟)", I have a feeling of commemoration, it turns out that his father is The county wood yard is engaged in carving work. I still keep this jade card and play it often. It reminds me not to forget to learn.

There are several character pendants in my collection, all of which have the style of the Song Dynasty. These boys are generally dressed in short squats and fat pants, eight-character eyebrows, onion nose, cherry mouth, standing on the feet of the boy, the folks often refer to the theme of such sculptures as "Lian (Lian) born" or "Let a product." Collecting and reading these jade carvings of homophonic sounds is a very meaningful thing. When you are free to play, you will have fun.

Play the "Psychic Ancient Jade"

Nowadays, not only is the new jade sought after by people, but the ancient jade is also loved by many people. However, the ancient jade unearthed, most of the colored enamel, although not dim, but the restoration is expensive. The ancient jade that is usually unearthed in China, because of the different land points, the nature of rust and color is different. For example, the south comes from a puddle, or the earth is particularly humid, and the ground is especially rich in water. The unearthed ancient jade is more rust. Most of the ancient jade has many soil erosions from the north. If it comes from a fire pit, the jade body of the ancient jade will be dry. Because the soil eats water erosion, and the dry and wet different years of suffering, the ancient jade will be hidden even if it has the most beautiful and rich colors. Therefore, people should play heavily on jade, which is one of the greatest pleasures of jade collectors. The so-called "panyu" is a popular method of enjoying jade. Through the jade, the jade of dark color can be made new and the color of jade changes greatly. The jade collectors of all ages know Panyu, this is a kind of "gong". Like the tea ceremony, it is the appreciation and research of something, reaching a realm and forming a certain stylization.

The ancients had a method of panning jade: using a cloth bag with a proper amount of wheat bran, and then loading the jade into the plate to protect the ancient jade from traumatic bumps, and also to absorb the dirt on the surface of the jade, wheat bran Nutrients can also restore the original appearance of the ancient jade as soon as possible, which is a good method. In addition, there are three methods of playing jade in ancient Chinese folk jade: one for the literary disk, two for the martial arts, and three for the intention. The so-called essay, that is, the jade is placed in a small cloth bag, hidden and hidden, with a relatively constant temperature of the human body, and then play in the hands of the horse a year later, until the jade is restored to its original appearance. The texts are time-consuming and laborious, and often do not work in three or five years. If the time of entry is too long, the playing time is often ten years or even decades. The martial art is to use the power of man-made forces to constantly play and pray to achieve the goal of playing well as soon as possible. This type of jade merchants use more. After a year of wearing, the hardness of the jade is gradually restored. After wrapping it with old white cloth (not to be colored), hire a special person to keep rubbing day and night. The jade rubbing heats up and the heat is rubbed. After a period of time, it is replaced. The new white cloth is still rubbing constantly. The high temperature of the jade rubbing heat can quickly push out the lime soil in the jade. The color is constantly condensed, and the color of the jade is brighter and brighter. The jade can be restored in about one year. The Italian plate means that the jade collectors hold the jade in their hands and play while thinking about the virtues of jade. They constantly draw the essence from the virtues of jade and cultivate their own temperament. Over time, they can achieve the unity of jade. In the noble realm, the jade was cured, and the spirit of the Panyu people was also sublimated. The Italian market is a very high realm. The spirit of the face is not so much a jade, but rather a jade, a jade, and a spiritual spirit.

The demand for the spirit of the Italian plate is too high. The martial arts must ask people to keep on the disk for a long time. The cost is too high. Most of the current jade collectors adopt the method of combining the platter with the platter, which is worn close to the body and is always played in the hands. However, no matter what kind of jade method is adopted, the new pit jade can not be played immediately. After one year of possession, the hardness should be restored.

Fabric fiber marks

Many ancient jade are placed directly on the human body or wrapped in fabric. Under certain temperature, humidity and pressure, the fibers and pigments fall off and firmly adhere to the surface of the object. Therefore, under the microscope, even the naked eye can see the fabric fibers of red, blue, green and other colors, and the latitude and longitude are distinct.

The insect egg residue is mostly in the gap of the ancient jade. Under the condition that the geological and atmospheric conditions are relatively stable, the underground of the buried land often has fine submerged flow, which flows continuously and perennial, infiltrates and erodes the surface of the jade, forming a fluid, deep and shallow water stain.

Plant rhizome impression

Some plant roots have the characteristics of pervasiveness. The acidic substances decomposed by the metabolism of plant proteins can cause erosion on the surface of the utensils, so that the root-like prints with clear overlapping relationship can be seen.

Carbonization mark

The ancients had the custom of “cavity jade”. The burned jade has the attachment and infiltration of bio-carbon, which is distributed in points and planes. It is often deep and cannot be eliminated.

Exorcism mineral residue

Some minerals in nature have the functions of sterilization, deworming and antisepsis. The ancients thought that they had the effect of driving away evil spirits and placing them in tombs and homes. Therefore, some ancient jade is wrapped or impregnated with mineral powders such as hematite, cinnabar, and realgar. The magnesia or even the naked eye can see the mineral particles remaining on the surface or in the gap of the object. Under the action of hydration and weak acid, the coloring ions From the inside and outside of the table, it gradually penetrates into the interior of the jade, and the color is dazzling. Archaeological discoveries, the cavemen 20,000 years ago, have scattered a large amount of hematite powder in the cave, and also dyed the beads made of limestone into red because of aesthetic needs. In the warring countries of China and the large tombs of the Han Dynasty, there are often a large number of cinnabars and jade articles dyed brightly by cinnabar, such as the tomb of Yue Wang.

Gap hole gravel

There are a large number of silica and calcium carbonate minerals on the surface. They can exist and move in the form of liquid or solid gravel. They accumulate in the voids, silicon knots, knots, and are tough, even if they flow into the gap with water. A small stone is also difficult to remove.

Drill mark

Since the advent of the drill, the drill bit has been essentially conical or diamond shaped. Because it is manpower, the pressure is small, the drilling speed is slow, the non-uniform speed is slow, and the footage is slow. The drill marks appear as reciprocating and relatively parallel movements, and there is a non-uniform swirl pattern. Modern spiral drills do not have parallel drill marks due to high speed and uniform rotation. In the Neolithic Age, the stone-rocking period was similar to that of the ancient drilling tools using metal drills.

In short, the identification and evaluation of ancient jade requires both detailed observation and comprehensive analysis; it is necessary to grasp the microscopic, but also to grasp the essence and the authenticity of the whole, and avoid exaggerating or neglecting the partial. Only by excluding the possibility of each subtle nuance, and then summarizing, deducting and reasoning, and maximizing the combination of sensibility and rationality to think and judge, can we obtain the maximum authenticity.